The Nature Of Propulsion Force And The Energy Of The
Future
Many things are beyond our scope of understanding not
because of our poor reasoning power, but because of the narrowness of our
scope.
What will, or
what should be the energy of the future? What natural phenomena and processes
will be at its bottom line? At what level of matter organization should one
look for these phenomena and processes? These questions increasingly trouble
the scientists engaged in exploring the new sources of energy, new means of its
production.
Traditional means of energy production, for
example, electricity, are known for their use of kinetic energy obtained
from the wind, heated steam or pressure of falling water. In the first and
second cases, it’s pressure difference which causes propulsion force, in the
third case – it’s the force of gravitation. To obtain pressure difference
artificially one has to use energy, burn fossil or nuclear fuel at power
plants. Hydroelectric power stations require no fuel of course, as they are
using a natural force of propulsion. Let’s examine the origin of this force and
assess a possibility of designing its artificial analogy.
Little is known of the nature of the force
of gravitation applied to experimental bodies. Lots of hypotheses exist, but
the question remains: what mechanism creates propulsion force causing bodies to
fall? What exactly causes the body to react by its free fall?
Note: experimental
body, a body whose potential is too small to disturb the outside field.
-
If it’s the field which ‘catches’ body
m
and then ‘drags’ it toward the earth’s surface, what’s the mechanism
of this?
-
Could the field be exerting its influence
on body m if the body stayed unaffected by the field’s presence? If
body m is to react, then why?
-
Is the cause of free fall entirely
external, or there are some changes taking place inside the body?
-
What is to change inside the body so as
make it move?
Rhythmodynamics
views bodies as systems of interacting synchronous elements (oscillating
experimental bodies) situated in a wave medium, the medium which has a
propensity to carry periodic disturbances and propagate them with constant
speed.
All principles
are examined in the case of the least possible elementary system (fig.1) made
up of two oscillating elements linked together by the standing wave.
Fig.1. The system has no reason to move in the wave
medium because positions of the sources-oscillators and potential holes (nodes)
coincide. The system is internally balanced.
The standing
wave, being a disturbed state of the medium, plays the role of a common
platform for the elements. Although this platform is floating in the wave
medium, it’s also rigid, because the system’s elements, engaged in exchange of
the wave energy, create potential holes and thereby fix each other there at a
set distance.
The elementary
system coming under pressure of internal or external factors may develop phase
or frequency displacements which break wave synchronism and upset the existing
balance.
Balance [equilibrium], a
state created by the forces of a different vector cancelled out so that the
system’s properties remain unaffected.
Dynamic
balance [dynamic equilibrium], a process in which the controlled system
develops in such a way which prevents significant deviation of the system from
the set trajectory caused by the medium disturbances.
The upset
balance results in the shift of potential holes relative to the system’s
elements (fig.2). If synchronism is not restored and it becomes permanent the
system seeks to adapt to the new state. One of the means is for the elements to
drift in the wake of the shifting potential holes. If the system has phase
displacement the internal balance is restored if the speed of the moving
elementary system and the phase displacement have the following relation:
(ñ – velocity
of waves propagation)
i.e.
* The dependence of speed on phase displacement was
confirmed by experiment with oscillating floats in the water pool. The break of
synchronism made the system of floats move.
Fig.2 Phase displacement leads to the shift of
potential holes (the nodes of the standing wave) relative to their initial
position, and consequently, to the position of the sources (oscillators). The
internal balance is broken. The sources come under the influence of the wave
field, and naturally will drift toward their potential holes.
No matter what
the origin of the disturbances is, man-made or natural, anyway, they lead to
the processes aimed at restoration of synchronism and elimination of the
imbalance of internal forces triggered by the disturbances. In a free of the
fields space, the break of synchronism occurs due to external impact, say, of
material forces which leads to the change of speed regime. In the field of
gravitation, the break of synchronism is triggered by the field, and
compensated by a free fall.
When we examined
the mechanisms leading to the accelerated fall, we assumed that oscillators
(oscillating experimental bodies), being on their own, do not react to the
field of gravitation by their motion, whereas the systems of interlinked
oscillators do react. But in such case of actual gravitation, one can assume
that the least element of the manifest matter is the one which doesn’t react to
the field. For example, if proton, or some other particle, falls in the
gravitational field, it cannot be regarded as the least possible element of the
manifest matter, but it could be regarded as a system of such elements.
The implemented
research [1,2] has made it possible to conclude that it was not the
gravitational field which was acting as a force of propulsion but the
changes which the field triggers inside the body. These changes are of phase
nature and lead to a changed dynamics of linkage, to asynchronism between the
elements of the body which breaks internal balance, and consequently, leads to
the body reacting as a system to the emerging changes. This reaction is based
on the propensity of oscillating systems to seek the state of synchronism. In
other words, a model was created expounding the mechanism of formation of the
propulsion force which actually accomplishes the body’s fall in the field of
gravitation.
What’s important
there is understanding that the force of propulsion is an intrinsic quality of
the body as a system, its reaction to external gradient conditions. If
gravitational field didn’t change anything in the body the body would have no
reason to react to the field. The same way, say, dielectric fails to react to a
strong magnetic field (practically nothing changes in the dielectric) while a
body of iron does react.
Major question
rises there: is it possible to artificially influence the interatomic
synchronism of bodies so as to trigger the reaction of a system of atoms in the
form of a directional propulsion force?
Yes, theoretically it is possible. But it’s
a long way to go from theory to practice. As a first step, let’s try to
understand what processes and at what level of matter organization are
responsible for the force of propulsion.
Quantum reality in the macro-world phenomena
Classical reality emerges from quantum
reality provided there is interaction between the micro-objects. So far there
is no unified description of classical and quantum realities, though everyone
knows that such description is not simply possible, it’s necessary.
Here’s a simple way of describing the
macro-world phenomena (inertia, motion, propulsion force, gravitational force,
kinetic and potential energies, centrifugal force) relating to classical
mechanics through the notions and means of electrodynamics and quantum
mechanics. In effect, we are talking about a new quantum-mechanical
interpretation of the formulas of classical mechanics.
The first such interpretation became
possible after the creation of rhythmodynamic model of the processes which trigger
the motion of macro-bodies in space [1].
Rhythmodynamics (RD), a branch of
science studying the role of periodic processes in the formation of natural
phenomena and their qualities.
The notion of ‘motion’ is known to be
present in all formulas of classical mechanics, in one form of the other. There
are several kinds of motion but we’ll focus on only two of them: the motion
with constant speed (by inertia), and the motion with constant acceleration
(free fall).
According to [1]
, (1.00)
i.e. the speed of the body is proportional
to the phase displacement between the body’s oscillating elements.
One of the main achievements of
rhythmodynamics was finding this relation, the formula of which reflects the
processes without which the above-mentioned regimes of motion in wave medium
would hardly be possible. Relation 1.00 is the main element of the new way of
description of macro-phenomena. It sets a tentative, so far, link between
classical and quantum mechanics. From a mathematical point of view, it’s simply
a different formulation and interpretation of the laws of classical mechanics.
From a physical point of view, we are talking of a qualitatively new vision of
the world.
1. Force and acceleration
in the field of gravitation
There are several options of deriving the
relation describing the body’s free fall in the field of gravitation. Option 1
seems most curious because it originates from the well-known premises.
Option 1
(gravitational red shift)
Einstein predicted phenomenon of
gravitational red shift. In earth conditions such shift is insignificant, but
they did manage to measure it in an experiment based on the Mossbauer effect.
If a photon with frequency
is emitted at height
Í
above
the surface of the Earth toward its center, at the Earth’s surface level its
kinetic energy
increases at the expense of potential energy.
Following the law of conservation of energy we formulate:
(1.01)
It assumes that photon’s mass
is constant. So, the receiver encounters a
photon with frequency
,
different from the one it had during its
emission by the source. With Í=10 m
Fig.3 In a three-dimensional body one can always find some atoms
which are farther from the earth’s surface, and others which are closer.
But what, in the
Earth’s gravitational field, will the frequency difference be
of similar (fig.3) vertically positioned atoms, with the
distance between them of one standing wave, i.e.
?
(1.02)
(1.03)
If frequency difference does depend on
acceleration g, then it would be possible to state that it’s the frequency
difference which forms acceleration. Let’s rewrite formula 1.03 relative to
acceleration g:
(1.04)
(1.05)
There are other ways of obtaining relation
1.05 (one of them is rhythmodynamic) which corroborates the derived dependence
of acceleration on frequency difference. Substituting acceleration g in
formula
by its new expression, we obtain a new meaning of the notion the force
of gravitation:
, (1.06)
but
Then
(1.07)
In 1.07 the force of gravitation applied to the experimental body is
proportionate to the frequency difference imposed by gravitational field on the
interacting atoms.
Option 2 (rhythmodynamic)
According to classical mechanics:
(1.08)
According to rhythmodynamics:
, (1.00)
but
,
i.e.à
(1.09)
or
(1.05)
where:
V – velocity of the system of oscillators
ñ
– velocity of the waves in the medium (speed of light)
à,
g – acceleration of the
system of oscillators
– phase displacement
between oscillators
– oscillators’ frequency
difference
For
Gravitational field imposes a frequency
difference on the body’s oscillating elements, thus breaking the system’s
natural synchronism. This happens at least at the atomic level of matter
organization and leads to the system’s reaction in the form of the body’s self-propulsion
with acceleration.
Self-propulsion, internally provoked
natural change of the system determined by its contradictions indirectly
reflecting external factors and conditions.
2. Wave interpretation of
the force of gravitation
Quantum mechanics, a branch of
physics studying
the ways of description and the principles of motion
of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, as well as
macro-phenomena. Quantum mechanics determines relations of quantities
describing particles and systems with the physical quantities directly
evaluated in the experiment.
Let’s examine an experiment measuring the
force of gravitation affecting an experimental body m. But what triggers
this force? The researcher is convinced that the force affecting body m is
nothing but a net reaction of the body’s elements to the conditions created by
the gravitational field in and around the body (gravitational field makes space
heterogeneous). But what exactly changes inside the body, what parameters, and
why does the body react to the changes?
Classical mechanics asserts that in the gravitational
field body m comes under the effect of force
(1.06)
Earlier it was shown that gravitation
g
is proportionate to the
gravitational red shift, i.e.
, (1.05)
where the frequency difference can be expressed through the speed of
light and wave lengths:
(2.01)
Then
, (2.02)
and
(2.03)
But quantum mechanics accepts as true the relation:
, (2.04)
then
(2.05)
Taking into account 2.05,
we’ll rewrite 2.02
and
2.03
, (2.06)
and
. (2.07)
But
,
and
,
then
, (2.08)
or
or
(2.09)
where:
h –
Planck’s constant
p –
wave impulse
E –
body’s overall energy
The left part of
formulas 2.07, 2.08, 2.09 has a classical expression of force, while their
right part – a quantum-mechanical expression.
Expressing
through the
notions and parameters of quantum mechanics (
) we’ve shown
the link between quantum and Newtonian mechanics. In effect, 2.09 is a wave
equation revealing a frequency-wave nature of force in general, and
gravitational force in particular.
3. Kinetic and potential energies
Kinetic energy,
a measure of bodies’
mechanical motion which depends on velocities of their motion in a given
inertial frame of reference.
Potential energy,
forces hidden in matter which could become
effective under certain circumstances.
Considering dependence of speed on phase
shift one can take a different look on the notions of kinetic energy and
potential energy.
(3.01)
but
(3.02)
then
(3.03)
where:
then
(3.04)
(3.05)
The difference between formulas 3.03, 3.04, 3.05 and
formula 3.01 is that their right part reflects directly the gradient-phase nature
of kinetic energy, i.e. inner system processes which ensure the presence of
such energy. In other words, the phase shift reveals the cause of the system’s
propensity to move. If such system is blocked its kinetic energy should be
viewed as potential energy seeking to be transformed into kinetic one. Such
system has an inner propensity to move, and the energy which actualizes it is
called potential energy. Transformation of potential energy into kinetic one
takes place if the system is no longer blocked.
If
,
the energy is kinetic, i.e. present in the
body and maintaining its motion:
(3.03)
If
,
,
i.e. the system is blocked, the very same
energy (3.03) is potential:
(3.06)
The common mechanism-cause of kinetic and potential
energies lies in the presence of internal phase changes. These changes, if free
motion is obstructed, reveal themselves in the form of internal force of
propulsion (as propensity to move).
Now we have a deeper understanding of the processes
responsible for kinetic and potential energies.
4. Centrifugal force
Centrifugal
force,
a force with which a material particle
moving uniformly on a circular trajectory affects the link.
(4.01)
But
(4.02)
then
(4.03)
(4.04)
5. Quantity of
motion
Quantity of
motion, a measure of inner propulsion force
maintaining velocity regime in a wave medium. (Rhythmodynamic interpretation).
(5.01)
but
(4.02)
then
(5.02)
According to the
motion equation, phase displacement makes the body (system) move at a speed
corresponding to this phase displacement. If the body’s (system’s) free motion
is obstructed, the force it will exert on the block will be:
(5.03)
Analyzing the
obtained expression of force one can see that the change of the system’s
velocity regime may be not due to external force, but due to the
phase-frequency state of the system’s oscillators. In that case propulsion
force emerges, bringing the system in a state of sustained motion.
(5.04)
6. Velocity of the energy
flow
Suppose we have two sources of waves whose
frequency, respectively,
and
(fig.4),
with
.
Fig. 4. The observer must move to implement the condition
of equal frequencies of the incoming waves and energies emitted from the
sources. In this case he registers a standing wave! The energy flow of the standing
wave is equal to the wave’s velocity.
In the moving
observer’s reference frame we have:
(6.01)
(6.02)
But
,
therefore
(6.03)
Let’s solve the equation relative to the
system’s velocity
,
in which equality of incoming
frequencies and a regular standing wave is observed:
(6.04)
The same, relative to the emitters, is also
the speed
of the flow of energy concentrated in the standing wave:
(6.05)
7. Rhythmodynamic and
quantum-mechanical interpretation of the formulas of classical mechanics
The familiar formulas of classical mechanics (1)
have acquired rhythmodynamics (2) and quantum-mechanics’ interpretations.
What’s important is that the new formulas of classical mechanics have acquired
fundamental constants (the speed of light and Planck’s constant), as well as basic
parameters used in electrodynamics and quantum mechanics (phase, frequency,
wave impulse). The formulas are compiled in Table 1.
Table 1
The new
interpretation allows us to take not the usual formal, but a fresh look at the
phenomena and their properties through processes which contribute to the
formation of these phenomena and properties. This is a new approach and a new
depth of understanding natural phenomena.
The new formulas
often contain a relation
numerically
equal to
and usually marked as
:
In which case
some formulas acquire a more compact form, for example:
,
,
,
Conclusions and
consequences
The expressions we’ve derived for speed,
acceleration, the force of gravitation, kinetic and potential energies,
centrifugal force, quantity of motion in their essence contain the elements of
quantum mechanics and electrodynamics which points to the phase-frequency
causal nature of these phenomena. The new formulas could well replace or go
side-by-side along the old ones, especially if we need to switch from one
system of notions and ideas to the other.
Actually, we’ve examined a
nonconfrontational means of producing motion where an artificially induced
phase asynchronism becomes a force of propulsion. This is a sort of Baron
Munchausen effect in physics in which the control over the phase balance brings
the system out of the state of internal equilibrium, making it self-propel.
While in normal conditions the state of the system’s equilibrium exists when
the system’s center of mass coincides with the point where the internal net
force equals zero, any change in the phase correlation between the system’s
elements shifts this ‘zero’ point relative to its former place, i.e. relative
to the initial center of mass. As a result the balance of internal forces
shifts too, which is also accompanied by the shift of the energy carcass
relative to the elements (atoms) which produced this carcass (fig.5). This
shift is countered by the system, reacting in the form of self-propulsion. The
normal example of such reaction are bodies affected by the field of
gravitation.
Fig.5. Emergence
of the phase displacement leads to the shift of the energy carcass, disbalance
of internal forces which is countered in the form of self-propulsion.
In the field of gravitation, the force of
propulsion exists in its pure form as the body’s reaction to asynchronism which
the field imposes on the body’s elements. Gravitational field changes and
rigidly maintains the changed parameters, ‘freezing’ them in such a way which
leaves the body no other option but motion toward the source of the field. If
the body is prevented from motion by force, its pursuit of the state of
synchronism is to manifest itself in the form of the constant exertion of force
on the impediment. In such case they refer to the potential energy and the force
of propulsion the origin of which is the field’s changing and ‘freezing’
body parameters (3.06).
But is it possible to artificially change
and retain the changed parameters? Are there any obstacles to it, and if there
are, what are they?
There are many ways to artificially form
gradients of parameters, for example, by uneven heating, but it’s not yet known
how to retain the obtained changes in a state we want. The main obstacle to
this is absence of the absolutely rigid bond between the elements of matter,
i.e. in a material system the elements always have certain degree of freedom
allowing them to neutralize the incoming negative changes, for example, through
relocation or re-crystallization. In effect, this ability is the main obstacle
to producing the force of propulsion. Artificial ‘freeze’ might help there
denying the system’s elements all degrees of freedom except those which produce
the force of propulsion. For instance:
Suppose we had a body suspended in the
field of gravitation. Suppose the gravitational field changed the correlation
of phases between the body elements in such a way as to produce a directional
force of propulsion. If the achieved correlation of phases in the body were now
‘frozen’, i.e. artificial means of preventing restructuring under changing
conditions were used, the force of propulsion would remain in the body even if
the gravitational field were to disappear. This is not a science fiction: the
wave equation’s solution for the simplest oscillating systems directly
indicates to such propensity of those systems.
It’s worth noting that there are objects in
nature which have an inherent force of propulsion, like binary molecules of gas
or liquid made up of atoms of close isotopes:
Î2=16Î+17Î, N2=14N+15N, Í2Î=1Í+1Í+16Î,
Í2Î=2Í+1Í+17Î
etc.). Intuition suggests that such molecules
have asymmetric energy (fig.2, fig.6), and therefore they should either
decompose, or somehow escape this asymmetry, through motion, for example.
Fig.6. Examples of
energy distribution in the internal and external space. The sources (left) have
frequency displacement; the sources (right) have phase displacement. In the
first case the system is expected to propel, in the latter – to rotate.
In effect, we’ve raised the question of the
source of kinetic energy of isolated molecules in which the imbalance of
internal parameters responsible for the interaction of the elements and the
system’s integrity makes them react. Self-propulsion is one of the forms of
such reaction. The law of the conservation of energy is not broken there
because the system (a disbalanced molecule) is using self-propulsion only as a
means of overcoming its ‘internal problems’.
Fig.7. A schematic
diagram of the source of energy made up of an electric generator and material
objects with ‘frozen’ phase shift.
As for the future of energy production,
creation of the force of propulsion by means of parameters’ ‘freeze’ or through
energy asymmetry, though look fantastic (fig.7) like anything radically new,
still deserves serious attention. Mastering these means would make it possible
to obtain any necessary quantity of motion and energy in any place in the
Universe without any violation of the law of conservation of energy.
We do not know yet how to ‘freeze’ bodies
in the necessary state, but we have at least reached understanding of what’s to
be done. If Nature can, why cannot we? Which means a new line of research has
emerged. The initial steps in such direction have already been taken.
MIRIT Scientific-Technological Center
Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Science
Yuri N. Ivanov.
December 13, 2008.
Bibliography:
-
Ivanov Y.N. Rhythmodynamics. New
Center Publishers, 1997.
-
Ivanov Y.N. Rhythmodynamics. Energy
Publishers, 2007.
-
Physical encyclopedia. Sovetskaya
encyclopedia, 1990.
-
Blekhman
I.I. Vibtrational mechanics. Nauka, 1994.
Books [1] and [2] are freely accessed at
http://www.mirit.ru
P.S. The means of the energy production
expounded in this article is a distant perspective, now visible only in theory,
but sooner or later we’ll master them (if we don’t destroy ourselves prior to
this). Our closest perspectives are hydrogen and magnetic energy. But even there
you cannot manage without a new vision of the inner-matter processes, without
new understanding of the physics of natural phenomena.
We all know too that sooner or later
mankind would have to switch to alternative sources of energy because someday
we’ll be hit by real (not the present imaginary) energy crisis, which is likely
to be caused not by the depletion of the fossil fuels, but by our inability to
extract them due to the global geo-catastrophe. Which means that the question
of new means of the energy production should be put at the top of our current
agenda without delay!
